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Baseline
|
After changes
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Number (i.e., type) of oral drugs (per day)
|
|
OADs
|
2.2 ± 1.0
|
2.2 ± 0.8
|
0.537
|
|
Other drugs
|
1.5 ± 1.1
|
1.5 ± 1.1
|
1.000
|
|
Type of OADs used
|
|
Sulphonylurea
|
8 (28%)
|
6 (21%)
|
0.500
|
|
Alfa-glucosidase inhibitor
|
11 (38%)
|
6 (21%)
|
0.063
|
|
Glinide
|
3 (10%)
|
2 (7%)
|
1.000
|
|
Biguanide
|
23 (79%)
|
25 (86%)
|
0.500
|
|
Thiazolidinedione
|
1 (3%)
|
1 (3%)
|
1.000
|
|
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
|
19 (66%)
|
22 (76%)
|
0.250
|
|
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor
|
0 (0%)
|
1 (3%)
|
1.000
|
|
Frequency of taking medications (times/day)
|
3.4 ± 1.2
|
1.8 ± 0.5
|
< 0.001
|
|
Taking medicationsa
|
|
In time with all three meals
|
20 (69%)
|
2 (7%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
In time with two meals
|
9 (31%)
|
17 (59%)
| |
|
In time with one meal
|
0 (0%)
|
10 (34%)
| |
|
Taking medications
|
|
Both before and after meals
|
14 (48%)
|
0 (0%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Only after meals
|
14 (48%)
|
21 (72%)
|
0.016
|
|
Only before meals
|
1 (3%)
|
8 (28%)
|
0.039
|
|
Change in dose of OADsb
|
|
None increased or decreased
|
–
|
7 (24%)
|
–
|
|
None increased and one or more decreased
|
–
|
12 (41%)
|
–
|
|
One increased and more decreased
|
–
|
1 (3%)
|
–
|
|
One increased and one decreased
|
–
|
9 (31%)
|
–
|
|
Others
|
–
|
0 (0%)
| |
|
Use of anti-diabetic combination drug
|
1 (3%)
|
8 (28%)
|
0.016
|
|
Total number of pills (per day)
|
5.7 ± 2.0
|
4.5 ± 1.7
|
< 0.001
|
|
Pattern of administration schedulec
|
2.2 ± 0.7
|
1.7 ± 0.6
|
< 0.001
|
|
Pharmacy cost for a 28-day supply (yen)
|
11,689 ± 5613
|
10,885 ± 4511
|
0.0498
|
|
Drug cost (yen)
|
8247 ± 5128
|
7917 ± 4284
|
0.348
|
|
Dispensing fee (yen)
|
3442 ± 805
|
2968 ± 694
|
0.001
|
- Data are shown as means ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for discrete variables
-
aThe number of meal times was tested using Wilcoxon’s signed rank test
-
bIncreases in dose include initiation of a new OAD whereas decreases in dose include discontinuation of an OAD
-
cIf a person took some medications before three meals and other medications after breakfast, this was counted as two patterns of administration schedules
